[Seminar] Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

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Source: The Lancet

Original: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01851-3/fullt...

Published: 2025-11-27T23:30:04Z

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that affects approximately 70 million people worldwide.[1] The prevalence of this disease is 2% in Europe and North America, while it is approximately 1% in Asia and South America.[1] Diagnosis is based on the presence of typical signs and symptoms, elevated levels of natriuretic peptides, and evidence of structural or functional abnormalities of the heart by imaging methods.[1] About half of all heart failure is caused by reduced left ventricular systolic function, which is classified as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which is defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%.[1][2] In HFrEF, the heart's ability to pump blood into the circulation is reduced due to damage to the heart muscle.[2] Patients with HFrEF have high cardiovascular mortality and are at risk of disease progression, including right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, and renal failure.[1]