An article by San(g)s Frontières in the December 2025 issue of Nature Medicine discusses current challenges in global health aid. It provides information on the work of organisations such as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in conflict areas and in countries affected by epidemics. MSF establishes community-based programmes, for example in tuberculosis treatment, and promotes decentralised care in remote areas. The organisation is improving the capacity of local hospitals, providing equipment, medicines and training for local staff. In some countries, it also focuses on educating the public about reproductive health and sexually transmitted diseases. Innovations include the use of satellite technology for telemedicine in isolated areas, which has been tested, for example, in the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. Major current themes include the increasing resistance of micro-organisms to antibiotics and the inaccessibility of vaccines, diagnostics and medicines to affected populations.