Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main bacterium that causes pneumonia, and its transmission often begins as a nasopharyngeal carrier. In Africa, where there is a high burden of pneumococcal disease, a systematic review of studies from 2000 to 2021 was conducted to examine determinants of pneumococcal transmission by age. The results showed that transmission is highest in children under 5 years of age, while data on the elderly over 60 years of age is limited. HIV/AIDS is associated with increased transmission of pneumococci. Pneumococcal vaccination reduces the transmission of the serotypes included in the vaccines, but the overall transmission was not reduced, suggesting the replacement of the vaccine serotypes by others. The authors emphasize the need for further research, particularly in the elderly population, and for improved vaccination programs to reduce pneumococcal transmission in Africa. This analysis provides an overview of pneumococcal transmission across all age groups and identifies key factors influencing transmission[3].