The Lancet Commission on Improving Population Health after COVID-19 identifies three closely linked major global threats to population health: noncommunicable diseases, infectious disease outbreaks, and environmental degradation.[usercontent] A growing number of national and international commitments have failed to reduce these threats.[usercontent] The world needs a globally coordinated effort to quickly and equitably end the COVID-19 pandemic.[1] Countries should maintain a vaccination-plus strategy that combines mass vaccination, affordable testing and treatment for both new infections and prolonged COVID, public health protection including face coverings, safe workplaces, and economic support for isolation.[1] There is a need to strengthen national health systems based on public health and universal health coverage based on human rights and gender equality.[1] Strong systems include community engagement, tracking, supply chains, behavioral research, health education, and countering misinformation.[1] Health care should ensure access to primary care, including mental health, and support community health workers.[1] The Commission emphasizes equality, protection of vulnerable groups and global innovation in therapy and vaccines.[1]