Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly in which the gallbladder is absent. Preoperative diagnosis of this disorder is very difficult and is often discovered only during surgery. In the presented case of a 47-year-old female patient who had pain and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, ultrasound showed gallstones in the gallbladder. Nevertheless, the gallbladder was not found during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the diagnosis of agenesis was confirmed only by surgery. This case highlights that carelessness in differential diagnosis can lead to unnecessary surgical interventions. Diagnosis of gallbladder agenesis before surgery is practically impossible without specific imaging methods. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the attention of doctors when examining patients with symptoms of gallbladder disease in order to avoid unnecessary operations.