Carbon capture and storage (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) at the source, such as industrial plants, before it enters the atmosphere, and storing it deep underground in geological formations, such as oil wells. Proponents argue that CCS is necessary to achieve net zero along with reducing emissions given growing energy demands and the difficulty of decarbonizing some industries. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair is a strong supporter; the April 2025 Tony Blair Institute for Global Change report said CCS should be "at the heart of the battle" to reduce carbon emissions. Critics point to problems with the technology, including that it has yet to be proven at scale. The technology is energy intensive, expensive and inefficient. CCS fails to address pollutants other than carbon and their impact on health.