The article discusses the possibilities of gene and cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It describes the use of viral vectors (especially adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses) for the delivery of therapeutic genes in both preclinical and clinical studies. It features antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and RNA interference technologies that are being developed to reduce the production of harmful proteins such as tau, α-synuclein and mutant huntingtin. It also describes cellular therapies, including support with mesenchymal stem cells and transplantation of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, especially in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The article highlights the importance of selecting appropriate gene targets, such as APOE4, GBA1, SCNA and MAPT, and the different treatment approaches for monogenic (due to one gene) and polygenic forms of these diseases. In conclusion, he states that other genes, such as TREM2, PINK1 and progranulin, which may be the target of future gene and cell interventions, are also being intensively investigated.