This multicenter phase 1 study investigated treatment with linavonkibart, an anti-latent TGFβ1 antibody, in combination with or without pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy. The study focused on patients whose tumors did not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Treatment with linavonkibart with pembrolizumab was associated with encouraging rates of T-cell activation. There was also an improvement in the infiltration of the immune response in tumors. Linavonkibart targets the latent form of TGFβ1, which promotes the immune response. The study was published in Nature Medicine on January 13, 2026. The results suggest the potential of this combination treatment in resistant patients.