Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is spread through oral, vaginal and anal sex, during pregnancy and through dangerous blood transfusions[1]. Untreated syphilis in pregnant women leads to adverse birth outcomes such as stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm birth, low birth weight, or congenital infection in 50% to 80% of cases[1]. Congenital syphilis is completely preventable by diagnosing and treating the mother with injectable benzathine penicillin[1][2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) is working to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis; criteria include a congenital syphilis rate of ≤50 cases per 100,000 live births, ≥95% prenatal care coverage, and testing of pregnant women for syphilis[1]. As of May 2024, 19 countries and territories have been validated for eliminating vertical transmission of syphilis[1]. In the Czech Republic, the number of syphilis cases increased by 40 percent in five years, and dozens of infected children are registered annually[3]. Pregnant women in the latent phase of syphilis can still transmit the infection to the fetus through the placenta, causing miscarriage, rashes, jaundice, anemia, or other complications[4]. In one period, 20 cases of syphilis among pregnant women were reported in Prague[7].