A phase 2 study called FMT-LUMINate evaluated the transplantation of faecal microflora from a healthy donor in combination with immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. In patients with non-small cell lung cancer, FMT plus anti-PD-1 therapy was administered. In patients with melanoma, FMT was used in combination with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4. Greater loss of essential bacteria was observed in both cancer types. This loss was associated with an encouraging increase in treatment efficacy. The study was published in Nature Medicine online on January 28, 2026.