Long-term occupational exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (LDIR) has undeniable effects on human health, including the immune, hematopoietic, endocrine, respiratory, reproductive and circulatory systems. The thyroid gland is the organ most sensitive to damage caused by LDIR in the immune system. The adverse effects of LDIR on the hematopoietic and reproductive systems are particularly noteworthy. Despite the inconsistencies in various studies, there is an urgent need to comprehensively examine these impacts on the entire human health system. Adequate protective measures must be implemented regardless of the work environment. It is necessary to clearly define the key aspects of protection at work, to optimize the working environment and to raise awareness of personal protection among workers exposed to ionizing radiation.