Climate change is accelerating the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, increasingly threatening human health and lives, especially in low- and middle-income countries.[1] Countries such as Burkina Faso, one of the world's poorest countries, now experience extreme temperatures above 40°C on approximately 100 days per year, likely leading to significant climate-sensitive mortality.[1] These conditions put a strain on human physiology, livelihoods, and health systems.[1] There is an urgent need for research into the effectiveness of adaptation interventions to protect health, as well as their appropriateness, implementation and financial viability.[1] In an editorial, authors Till Bärnighausen, editor-in-chief of PLOS Medicine, and Helen Lumbard, executive editor, describe how climate change and extreme events threaten health.[1] Priority research areas include public health programs, such as early warning systems and predictive measures, as well as health policies, including new standards for climate-risk occupations and building codes against overheating.[1] The editors welcome studies evaluating both individual interventions and integrated adaptation strategies, as well as policy analyses.[1]