Impaired kidney microcirculation is the main reason for the occurrence and development of kidney diseases. Endothelial cells play an important role in these microcirculation disorders. These cells regulate the relaxation of renal microvessels, maintain microvascular perfusion balance and functional stability. Endothelial cell dysfunction affects different types of renal microcirculation. The study analyzed reliable articles from CNKI, PubMed, Central, Scopus and Web of Science databases over a period of almost 15 years. The research provides new theoretical foundations for changes in renal microcirculation and endothelial cells. These findings lead to the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases.