The European Union has introduced legislation, notably the Digital Services Act (DSA), to hold internet platforms accountable for their actions, including the impact on democracy.[1] The DSA is based on four pillars: large online platforms must submit annual systemic risk assessments of their operations, particularly in the areas of fundamental rights, public health and safety.[1] These assessments show that platforms such as Bing, X, Snapchat and TikTok are aware of the risks of algorithms, including the creation of echo chambers.[1] Independent researchers have access to platform data to identify systemic risks and evaluate mitigation measures.[1] Users can challenge content moderation decisions and appeal to an independent body if they are not satisfied with the platform's response.[1] In the second half of 2024, users in the EU objected to millions of content removals on Meta and TikTok, with more than a third of the objections successful and the content restored.[1] DSA faces criticism from the US and some platforms, although it was created with their extensive participation.[1]