A cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of geriatric syndromes in elderly hospitalized patients in China using the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) at Ruijin Hospital Luwan from January 2023 to July 2024. 150 patients were included in the study. The most common geriatric syndromes were sleep disorders (44.67%), polypharmacy (40.67%), fall risk (24.67%), urinary incontinence (21.33%) and malnutrition (20.67%). The risk of falling was significantly higher in women than in men (37.50% vs. 12.82%, p < 0.001). Widowed patients had a higher risk of falling (57.70% vs. 9.62%, p < 0.001) and malnutrition (47.83% vs. 8.65%, p < 0.001) compared to other groups. The study showed a high prevalence of the risk of falls and sleep disorders. Gender and marital status affect the incidence of these syndromes. Future care strategies should be tailored to specific populations.