Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, highlighting the need for a better understanding of diagnosis and treatment, especially in special populations.[1] These groups include people different in age, gender, genetic predispositions, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, or occupational exposures.[1] Common treatment methods include surgery, local treatments such as radiotherapy and thermal ablation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.[1] The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the disease, but for special groups it is necessary to adapt approaches to their specific characteristics.[1] Challenges arise in older patients because of different symptoms and comorbid conditions, in women because of differences in tumor biology, in patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary problems because of increased risks, in ethnic minorities because of inequities in access to care, and in those exposed to carcinogens such as asbestos or radon because of special screening.[1] These strategies must consider both clinical guidelines and social determinants of health from diagnosis to survival.[1] The Research Topic focuses on tailored diagnostic and treatment strategies, selection and efficacy of topical or medical methods, and management of adverse events.[1] The goal is to improve clinical outcomes for these groups.[1]