The study analyzed data from 93,451 patients in England who started renal replacement therapy between 2005 and 2020 to examine the effect of ethnicity and social deprivation on transitions between different treatment modalities and on mortality.[2][7] Findings showed that Asian patients had a lower rate of transition from in-center hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis and a higher rate of return to hemodialysis after transplantation.[7] Black patients had lower rates of transition to home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, but higher rates of transition to transplant and higher rates of return to in-center hemodialysis.[7] Patients living in the most deprived areas had significantly lower rates of conversion to home hemodialysis (hazard ratio 0.49) and transplantation (hazard ratio 0.57), but higher rates of death (hazard ratio 1.53) compared with patients from the least deprived areas.[7] The study thus confirms persistent health inequalities in the care of patients with renal failure and suggests the need for interventions to improve treatment equity.[7]