The study investigated bullying among medical students at a Middle Eastern university through a cross-sectional online survey with 288 participants from October to December 2024. The prevalence of bullying was 11.5% (95% CI: 8.0–15.7). The most frequent perpetrators were classmates (87.9%), and verbal bullying prevailed (90.9%), which most often occurred in the classroom. Perceived triggers were appearance and personal characteristics. Consequences included disengagement from learning activities (42.4%) and low mood (30.3%). Binary logistic regression showed an association between personal mobile data use and exposure to bullying (OR = 0.387, 95% CI: 0.159–0.944, p = 0.04). The results provide evidence for prevention strategies, reporting mechanisms and support initiatives for safer learning environments.