The study examined the development and effectiveness of a special training program for nurses working in pediatric operating rooms. The program was developed using the Delphi method with the participation of 15 experts and tested on 40 new nurses from a pediatric hospital in Shanghai, who were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group completed an 8-week competency-based program that included scenario simulations, case-based learning, and workshops, while the control group received traditional one-on-one mentoring. Nurses from the group with the new program achieved significantly better results: higher scores in theoretical knowledge (88.52 vs. 80.23 points), practical skills (85.22 vs. 78.36 points), overall work competence (82.72 vs. 71.82 points), and self-efficacy (26.52 vs. 21.42 points). The study concluded that a systematic competency-based training program is more effective than traditional mentoring in preparing new nurses for specialized pediatric surgical facilities.