Chronic cough in adults is defined as a cough lasting at least 8 weeks and has a higher prevalence in women. There is accumulating evidence for a cough hypersensitivity phenotype with peripheral and central mechanisms that differ by biological sex. Treatment focuses on common causes such as upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma or eosinophilic bronchitis, and cough associated with reflux. In refractory chronic cough (RCC) and unexplained chronic cough (UCC), symptoms persist despite optimized care. Therapeutic options include behavioral and neuromodulatory approaches as well as P2X3 purinergic receptor antagonists, which reduce cough frequency but may cause taste disturbances. Prevalence in women may be related to hormonal and immune factors, neurosensory processing, comorbidities, and environmental triggers. The review assesses the benefits, risks and evidence gaps with respect to gender and suggests research priorities, including sex-stratified analyses.