The study, spanning up to 43 years, analyzed data from more than 131,000 men and women, with more than 11,000 participants developing dementia during follow-up.[1][2][3] Moderate consumption of caffeinated coffee or tea was associated with an 18% lower risk of dementia and better cognitive performance.[1][2][4][6] The strongest benefits were seen with 2–3 cups of coffee or 1–2 cups of tea per day.[1][2][4] These findings also held true for people with a genetic predisposition to dementia.[2][5] The study noted fewer subjective memory problems and better performance on cognitive tests in those who drank more coffee.[1][2][5] It is an observational study that reveals associations, not direct cause and effect.[1][4]