Many vaccines provide indirect health benefits in addition to direct protection of vaccinated individuals[1][3]. These advantages are created by reducing the transmission of pathogens in the population, which also protects the unvaccinated, the so-called herd protection[1][2]. For example, the PCV7 vaccine in infants under 2 years of age reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease by 81% in adults over 65 years of age in Great Britain[1]. The measles vaccine prevents 'immune amnesia', thereby reducing mortality from other diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhoea[3]. In addition to tuberculosis, the BCG vaccine improves "trained immunity" and reduces the overall mortality of children, and is also used to treat bladder cancer[3]. Influenza, RSV, and pneumococcal vaccines reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in older adults[5]. People over the age of 60 who received the flu shot had a 40% lower risk of Alzheimer's disease over the next 6 years[3]. The shingles vaccine reduces the risk of dementia by 20-30%[3].