The study investigated sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) levels in patients with gut-brain interaction disorders (DGBI) using the Chinese version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS-C) and compared them with healthy controls using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. DGBI patients had significantly higher SPS levels (p < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of highly susceptible individuals (17.3%). No statistically significant differences were found in SPS or HSP distribution between patients with upper and lower gastrointestinal DGBI (p > 0.05). Ease of excitation (EOE; OR = 1.403, 95% CI: 1.110–1.773) and depth of processing (DOP; OR = 1.315, 95% CI: 1.044–1.657) were independent risk factors of DGBI. ROC analysis showed moderate discriminatory power of SPS for identifying DGBI (AUC = 0.705, 95% CI: 0.660–0.750). Elevated SPS levels are significantly associated with DGBI, but early identification of HSP characteristics may support personalized interventions.