During transcription, RNA polymerase II must move along the DNA while rotating around its helical structure, creating a torsional stress similar to that in a twisted rope[1][2]. The researchers found that polymerase II generates a torque of 9 piconewton meters alone and 13 piconewton meters with the TFIIS protein, acting as a powerful rotary motor[1][2]. Chromatin, which is the basic unit of DNA packaging in cells, significantly reduces this torsional stress and allows the polymerase to pass through nucleosomes more efficiently compared to a single nucleosome[1][2]. Enzymes called topoisomerases help further by temporarily cutting the DNA and releasing the tension, allowing the polymerase to proceed through multiple nucleosomes[1][2]. These findings reveal an unexpected role for chromatin—rather than simply being an obstacle to transcription, it actually facilitates it through its physical properties[1][2]. Research thus demonstrates how complex biological processes arise from simple physical properties of biomolecules[5].