Update on the intensive care management of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. It particularly affects young adults, but an increasing proportion of cases now occur in older patients with frailty and other comorbidities. Despite advances in trauma systems and neurocritical care, treatment outcomes remain variable. No intervention has consistently improved long-term functional recovery to date. Severe TBI is a complex and heterogeneous condition. The outcome of treatment is shaped by the timely and consistent delivery of high-quality, physiology-informed supportive care.