Effects of lidocaine bolus and infusion on neuromonitoring by bispectral index (BIS®), electroencephalogram periodic and aperiodic activity, and Surgical Pleth Index® during propofol–remifentanil anaesthesia: a single-centre prospective observational study

This prospective observational study focused on the effects of lidocaine. It investigated lidocaine administration during stable propofol–remifentanil anaesthesia. It was found that lidocaine causes a decrease in the bispectral index (BIS®). However, the influence of lidocaine on the level of hypnosis is debated. The study aimed to evaluate dose-dependent effects of lidocaine. Spectral EEG features were monitored. Processed parameters such as BIS and 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95) were also analyzed. These are important parameters for monitoring the depth of anesthesia.